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  • Journal article
    Klein KG, Verniero JL, Alterman B, Bale S, Case A, Kasper JC, Korreck K, Larson D, Lichko E, Livi R, McManus M, Martinovic M, Rahmati A, Stevens M, Whittlesey Pet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 909, ISSN: 0004-637X
    • Cite
    • Citations: 44
  • Journal article
    Huang SY, Sahraoui F, Andres N, Hadid LZ, Yuan ZG, He JS, Zhao JS, Galtier S, Zhang J, Deng XH, Jiang K, Yu L, Xu SB, Xiong QY, Wei YY, Dudok de Wit T, Bale SD, Kasper JCet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 909, ISSN: 2041-8205
    • Cite
    • Citations: 32
  • Journal article
    Schwartz SJ, Kucharek H, Farrugia CJ, Trattner K, Gingell I, Ergun RE, Strangeway R, Gershman Det al., 2021,

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
  • Journal article
    Archer MO, Day N, Barnes S, 2021,

    , Geoscience Communication, Vol: 4, Pages: 57-67, ISSN: 2569-7110

    Impact evaluation in public engagement necessarily requires measuring change. However, this is extremely challenging for drop-in activities due to their very nature. We present a novel method of impact evaluation which integrates graffiti walls into the experience both before and after the main drop-in activity. The activity in question was a soundscape exhibit, where young families experienced the usually inaudible sounds of near-Earth space in an immersive and accessible way. We apply two analysis techniques to the captured before and after data – quantitative linguistics and thematic analysis. These analyses reveal significant changes in participants' responses after the activity compared to before, namely an increased diversity in language used to describe space and altered conceptions of what space is like. The results demonstrate that the soundscape was surprisingly effective at innately communicating key aspects of the underlying science simply through the act of listening. The impacts also highlight the power of sonification in stimulating public engagement, which, through reflection, can lead to altered associations, perceptions, and understanding. Therefore, we show that this novel approach to drop-in activity evaluation, using graffiti walls both before and after the activity and applying rigorous analysis to this data, has the power to capture change and, thus, have a short-term impact. We suggest that commonly used evaluation tools suitable for drop-in activities, such as graffiti walls, should be integrated both before and after the main activity in general, rather than only using them afterwards as is typically the case.
  • Journal article
    Heyns MJ, Lotz SI, Gaunt CT, 2021,

    , Space Weather, Vol: 19, ISSN: 1542-7390

    <jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p> Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are driven by the geoelectric field induced by fluctuations of Earth's magnetic field. Drivers of intense GICs are often associated with large impulsive events such as coronal mass ejections. To a lesser extent fluctuations from regular oscillations of the geomagnetic field, or geomagnetic pulsations, have also been identified as possible drivers of GICs. In this work we show that these low鈥恌requency pulsations are directly observed in measured GIC data from power networks. Due to the low鈥恜ass nature of GICs, Pc5 and lower鈥恌requency pulsations drive significant GICs for an extended duration even at midlatitudes. Longer鈥恜eriod Ps6鈥恡ype disturbances apparently not typical of midlatitudes are seen with GIC amplitudes comparable to the peak GIC at storm sudden commencement. The quasi鈥恆c (alternating current) nature of the sustained pulsation driving affects the power system response and cannot be properly modeled using only direct current (dc) models. A further consideration is that the often used <jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> <jats:italic>t</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content> GIC proxy is biased to the sampling rate of the geomagnetic field measurements used. The <jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> <jats:italic>B</jats:italic> / <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> <jats:italic>t</jats:italic> </jats:styled-content>
  • Journal article
    Archer M, DeWitt J, Davenport C, Keenan O, Coghill L, Christodoulou A, Durbin S, Campbell H, Hou Let al., 2021,

    , Research for All, Vol: 5, Pages: 67-85, ISSN: 2399-8121

    A major focus in the STEM public engagement sector concerns engaging withyoung people, typically through schools. The aims of these interventions areoften to positively affect students' aspirations towards continuing STEMeducation and ultimately into STEM-related careers. Most schools engagementactivities take the form of short one-off interventions that, while able toachieve positive outcomes, are limited in the extent to which they can havelasting impacts on aspirations. In this paper we discuss various differentemerging programmes of repeated interventions with young people, assessing whatimpacts can realistically be expected. Short series of interventions appearalso to suffer some limitations in the types of impacts achievable. However,deeper programmes that interact with both young people and those that influencethem over significant periods of time (months to years) seem to be moreeffective in influencing aspirations. We discuss how developing a Theory ofChange and considering young people's wider learning ecologies are required inenabling lasting impacts in a range of areas. Finally, we raise severalsector-wide challenges to implementing and evaluating these emergingapproaches.
  • Journal article
    Allen RC, Ho GC, Mason GM, Li G, Jian LK, Vines SK, Schwadron NA, Joyce CJ, Bale SD, Bonnell JW, Case AW, Christian ER, Cohen CMS, Desai M, Filwett R, Goetz K, Harvey PR, Hill ME, Kasper JC, Korreck KE, Lario D, Larson D, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, McComas DJ, McNutt R, Mitchell DG, Paulson KW, Pulupa M, Raouafi N, Stevens ML, Whittlesey PL, Wiedenbeck Met al., 2021,

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
    • Cite
    • Citations: 14
  • Journal article
    Liou K, Paranicas C, Vines S, Kollmann P, Allen R, Clark G, Mitchell D, Jackman C, Masters A, Achilleos N, Roussos E, Krupp Net al., 2021,

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Energetic particles (>∼25 keV) have been observed routinely in the terrestrial magnetosheath, but have not been well studied at the magnetosheaths of the outer planets. Here we analyze energetic electrons and ions (mostly protons) in the vicinity (±1 RS) of Saturn's magnetopause, using particle data acquired with the low鈥恊nergy magnetosphere measurements system, one of the three sensors of the magnetosphere imaging instrument on board the Cassini spacecraft, during a period of ∼14 years (2004–2017). It is found that energetic particles, especially ions, are also common in Saturn's magnetosheath. A clear inward (toward Saturn) gradient in the electron differential flux is identified, suggestive of magnetospheric sources. Such an inward gradient does not appear in some of the ion channels. We conclude that Saturn's magnetopause acts as a porous barrier for energetic electrons and, to a lesser extent, for energetic ions. A dawn鈥恉usk asymmetry in the gradient of particle flux across the magnetopause is also identified, with a gradual decrease at the dawn and a sharp decrease at the dusk magnetopause. It is also found that magnetic reconnection enhanced flux levels just outside of the magnetopause, with evidence suggesting that these particles are from magnetospheric sources. These findings strongly suggest that Saturn's magnetosphere is most likely the main source of energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath and magnetosphere leakage is an important process responsible for the presence of the energetic particles in Saturn's magnetosheath.
  • Journal article
    Zappa G, Ceppi P, Shepherd TG, 2021,

    , Nature Climate Change, Vol: 11, Pages: 106-108, ISSN: 1758-678X
  • Journal article
    Sparks N, Toumi R, 2021,

    , Atmospheric Science Letters, Vol: 22, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 1530-261X

    To date it has proved difficult to make seasonal forecasts of tropical cyclones, particularly for landfall and in East China specifically. This study examines sources of predictability for the number of landfalling typhoons in East China on seasonal (June–October) and sub鈥恠easonal time scales. East China landfall count is shown to be independent of basin鈥恠cale properties of TC tracks, such the genesis location, duration, basin track direction and length, and basin total count. Large鈥恠cale environmental climate indices which are potential basin scale drivers are also shown to be largely uncorrelated with landfall prior to and throughout the season. The most important factor is the steering in the final stages to landfall. The seasonal landfall is strongly anti鈥恈orrelated with the more local zonal mid鈥恡ropospheric wind field over the East China sea (r = −.61, p < .001). It is proposed that geopotential height anomalies over Korea/Japan cause anomalous easterly winds in the East China Sea and enhance landfall rates by steering typhoons onto the coast. Early, peak, and late sub鈥恠easonal landfall counts are shown to be independent of each other yet share this predictor. This local feature may be dynamically predictable allowing a potential hybrid dynamical鈥恠tatistical seasonal forecast of landfall.
  • Journal article
    Southwood DJ, Cao H, Shebanits O, Elsden T, Hunt GJ, Dougherty MKet al., 2021,

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-18, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Between April and September 2017 in the final stages of the Cassini Saturn Orbiter mission the spacecraft executed 22 orbits passing planetward of the innermost ring, the D-ring. During all periapsis passes oscillations were detected in the azimuthal magnetic field components on typical time scales of a few minutes. We argue that these time-varying magnetic signals detected on the spacecraft are also primarily time-varying in the plasma frame. Furthermore, we show that nearly all signals exhibit a spatial feature, namely a magnetic node near the effective field line equator. We propose that the oscillations are associated with Alfvén waves excited in local field line resonances, most likely driven from global sources.
  • Journal article
    Jannet G, de Wit TD, Krasnoselskikh V, Kretzschmar M, Fergeau P, Bergerard-Timofeeva M, Agrapart C, Brochot J-Y, Chalumeau G, Martin P, Revillet C, Bale SD, Maksimovic M, Bowen TA, Brysbaert C, Goetz K, Guilhem E, Harvey PR, Leray V, Lorfevre Eet al., 2021,

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
    • Cite
    • Citations: 28
  • Journal article
    Agiwal O, Cao H, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Hunt GJ, Muller-Wodarg I, Achilleos Net al., 2021,

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9097
  • Journal article
    Madanian H, Desai M, Schwartz SJ, Wilson LB, Fuselier SA, Burch JL, Le Contel O, Turner DL, Ogasawara K, Brosius AL, Russell CT, Ergun RE, Ahmadi N, Gershman DJ, Lindqvist P-Aet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 908, ISSN: 0004-637X
    • Cite
    • Citations: 19
  • Journal article
    Liggins FS, Pickering JC, Nave G, Kramida A, Gamrath S, Quinet Pet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, Vol: 907, ISSN: 0004-637X
  • Journal article
    Shi C, Zhao J, Huang J, Wang T, Wu D, Chen Y, Hu Q, Kasper JC, Bale SDet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, Vol: 908, ISSN: 2041-8205
    • Cite
    • Citations: 17
  • Journal article
    Lai T-K, Hendricks EA, Menelaou K, Yau MKet al., 2021,

    , JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, Vol: 78, Pages: 473-496, ISSN: 0022-4928
  • Journal article
    Chandler MO, Schwartz SJ, Avanov LA, Coffey VN, Giles BL, Moore TE, Pollock CJ, Burch JL, Russell CT, Torbert RBet al., 2021,

    , JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS, Vol: 126, ISSN: 2169-9380
  • Journal article
    Toumi R, Wang S, 2021,

    , Science, Vol: 371, Pages: 514-517, ISSN: 0036-8075

    Poleward migrations of tropical cyclones have been observed globally, but their impact on coastal areas remains unclear. We investigated the change in global tropical cyclone activity in coastal regions over the period 1982–2018. We found that the distance of tropical cyclone maximum intensity to land has decreased by about 30 kilometers per decade, and that the annual frequency of global tropical cyclones increases with proximity to land by about two additional cyclones per decade. Trend analysis reveals a robust migration of tropical cyclone activity toward coasts, concurrent with poleward migration of cyclone locations as well as a statistically significant westward shift. This zonal shift of tropical cyclone tracks may be mainly driven by global zonal changes in environmental steering flow.
  • Journal article
    Choi KTH, Brindley H, 2021,

    , Environmental Research Letters, Vol: 16, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 1748-9326

    We exploit changes in air quality seen during the COVID-19 lockdown over China to show how a cleaner atmosphere has notable co-benefits for solar concentrator photovoltaic energy generation. We use satellite observations and analyses of the atmospheric state to simulate surface broadband and spectrally resolved direct normal irradiance (DNI). Over Wuhan, the first city placed under lockdown, we show how the atmospheric changes not only lead to a 19.8% increase in broadband DNI but also induce a significant blue-shift in the DNI spectrum. Feeding these changes into a solar cell simulator results in a 29.7% increase in the power output for a typical triple-junction photovoltaic cell, with around one-third of the increase arising from enhanced cell efficiency due to improved spectral matching. Our estimates imply that these increases in power and cell efficiency would have been realised over many parts of China during the lockdown period. This study thus demonstrates how a cleaner atmosphere may enable more efficient large scale solar energy generation. We conclude by setting our results in the context of future climate change mitigation and air pollution policies.
  • Journal article
    Bowen TA, Bale SD, Bandyopadhyay R, Bonnell JW, Case A, Chasapis A, Chen CHK, Curry S, de Wit TD, Goetz K, Goodrich K, Gruesbeck J, Halekas J, Harvey PR, Howes GG, Kasper JC, Korreck K, Larson D, Livi R, MacDowall RJ, Malaspina DM, Mallet A, McManus MD, Page B, Pulupa M, Raouafi N, Stevens ML, Whittlesey Pet al., 2021,

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 48, ISSN: 0094-8276
    • Cite
    • Citations: 13
  • Journal article
    Heiter U, Lind K, Bergemann M, Asplund M, Mikolaitis S, Barklem PS, Masseron T, de Laverny P, Magrini L, Edvardsson B, Jonsson H, Pickering JC, Ryde N, Aran AB, Bensby T, Casey AR, Feltzing S, Jofre P, Korn AJ, Pancino E, Damiani F, Lanzafame A, Lardo C, Monaco L, Morbidelli L, Smiljanic R, Worley C, Zaggia S, Randich S, Gilmore GFet al., 2021,

    , ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, Vol: 645, ISSN: 0004-6361
    • Cite
    • Citations: 70
  • Journal article
    Gunell H, Goetz C, Odelstad E, Beth A, Hamrin M, Henri P, Johansson FL, Nilsson H, Wieser GSet al., 2021,

    , ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE, Vol: 39, Pages: 53-68, ISSN: 0992-7689
  • Conference paper
    Park J, Park B, Jeon S, Kim TY, Yoon DH, Kim H, Lee D, Yong U, Jang J, Jeong U, Kim HH, Kim Cet al., 2021,

    , ISSN: 1605-7422

    Multi-modal imaging technique has significantly spotlighted since it can provide a variety of information by combining the complementary merits of several single-modal imaging. In particular, in order to compensate for each shortcoming and improve image quality, an integrated optical and ultrasonic imaging system is being actively researched. However, the non-transparency of the ultrasound transducer made it difficult to integrate the optical and ultrasound imaging system. In previous study, we introduced the transparent ultrasound transducer (TUT) and dual-modal photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/ultrasound imaging (USI) system using the TUT. In this study, we present the multi-modal imaging system integrated with PA, US and optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT has the advantage of acquiring anatomical information at optical resolution under subsurface and transparent media. To explore the usefulness of the multi-modal imaging system, we have successfully performed in vivo animal experiments: 1) eye imaging experiments and 2) subcutaneous melanoma imaging. In PAI, blood vessels and melanoma are clearly visualized. In OCT, the morphological information in shallow depth are observed in detail. In USI, the melanoma boundary and surrounding tissues are clearly confirmed. These results show that TUT based multi-modal imaging system can serve as a comprehensive in various applications.
  • Book chapter
    Dunlop MW, Wang TY, Dong XC, Haarland S, Shi QQ, Fu HS, De Keyser J, Shen C, Rong ZJ, Escoubet CP, Pu ZY, Eastwood Jet al., 2021,

    , Magnetospheres in the Solar System, Pages: 637-656

    This chapter covers a selection of the range of multispacecraft techniques that have been initially developed to analyze Cluster data. We begin the chapter with a short introduction, following this with an account of the methods and their application. The topics are separated into those dealing with magnetic field gradients and topology (which include the curlometer, magnetic rotation analysis, and least squares approach); magnetic field reconstruction and the analysis of magnetic field nulls (which are significant for magnetic reconnection and other geometries); time series analysis, adapted for multispacecraft data (including boundary identification, dimensional, and motion analysis); and wave vector analysis methods in the Fourier domain.
  • Journal article
    Stawarz JE, Matteini L, Parashar TN, Franci L, Eastwood JP, Gonzalez CA, Gingell IL, Burch JL, Ergun RE, Ahmadi N, Giles BL, Gershman DJ, Le Contel O, Lindqvist P, Russell CT, Strangeway RJ, Torbert RBet al., 2021,

    , Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol: 126, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 2169-9380

    Decomposing the electric field (E) into the contributions from generalized Ohm's law provides key insight into both nonlinear and dissipative dynamics across the full range of scales within a plasma. Using high鈥恟esolution, multi鈥恠pacecraft measurements of three intervals in Earth's magnetosheath from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, the influence of the magnetohydrodynamic, Hall, electron pressure, and electron inertia terms from Ohm's law, as well as the impact of a finite electron mass, on the turbulent E spectrum are examined observationally for the first time. The magnetohydrodynamic, Hall, and electron pressure terms are the dominant contributions to E over the accessible length scales, which extend to scales smaller than the electron inertial length at the greatest extent, with the Hall and electron pressure terms dominating at sub鈥恑on scales. The strength of the non鈥恑deal electron pressure contribution is stronger than expected from linear kinetic Alfvén waves and a partial anti鈥恆lignment with the Hall electric field is present, linked to the relative importance of electron diamagnetic currents in the turbulence. The relative contribution of linear and nonlinear electric fields scale with the turbulent fluctuation amplitude, with nonlinear contributions playing the dominant role in shaping E for the intervals examined in this study. Overall, the sum of the Ohm's law terms and measured E agree to within ∼ 20% across the observable scales. These results both confirm general expectations about the behavior of E in turbulent plasmas and highlight features that should be explored further theoretically.
  • Journal article
    Liggins FS, Pickering JC, Nave G, Ward JW, Tchang-Brillet W-ULet al., 2021,

    , ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, Vol: 252, ISSN: 0067-0049
  • Book chapter
    Keeling RF, Graven HD, 2021,

    , ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES, VOL 46, 2021, Editors: Gadgil, Tomich, Publisher: ANNUAL REVIEWS, Pages: 85-110
    • Cite
    • Citations: 12
  • Book chapter
    Southwood DJ, 2021,

    , MAGNETOSPHERES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Editors: Maggiolo, Andre, Hasegawa, Welling, Zhang, Paxton, Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, Pages: 3-13, ISBN: 978-1-119-50752-9
  • Book chapter
    Nilsson H, Behar E, Burch JL, Carr CM, Eriksson AI, Glassmeier K-H, Henri P, Galand M, Goetz C, Gunell H, Karlsson Tet al., 2021,

    , MAGNETOSPHERES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, Editors: Maggiolo, Andre, Hasegawa, Welling, Zhang, Paxton, Publisher: AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, Pages: 427-439, ISBN: 978-1-119-50752-9

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