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Browse through all publications from the Institute of Global Health Innovation, which our Patient Safety Research Collaboration is part of. This feed includes reports and research papers from our Centre.
@article{Jin:2026:10.3390/s26144427,
author = {Jin, K and Rubio-Solis, A and Naik, R and Mylonas, G},
doi = {10.3390/s26144427},
journal = {Sensors},
pages = {4427--4427},
title = {ECG-Only Cognitive Workload State Classification in Laparoscopic Training Using Raw and Recurrence-Plot Representations},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s26144427},
volume = {26},
year = {2026}
}
TY - JOUR
AB - <jats:p>Electrocardiography (ECG)-only workload-state classification offers a lower-burden physiological sensing route than denser multimodal, multi-sensor physiological, or neuroimaging setups for controlled laparoscopic training research. This study evaluated whether ECG-only representations can classify condition-derived cognitive workload states during a controlled laparoscopic peg transfer task performed under Control and auditory N-back conditions (N0, N1, and N2). Twenty surgical trainees from an advanced surgical-skills course completed the task protocol, and 17 participants entered ECG modelling after ECG quality-control exclusions. The retained ECG modelling dataset comprised 268 task blocks (Control/N0/N1/N2: 68/68/68/64), evaluated as held-out task-block predictions in a known-participant four-fold leave-one-round-out (LOTO) evaluation. Branch-specific raw ECG windows, recurrence-plot sequences, and heart-rate/time-domain heart-rate-variability inputs are detailed in the Methods, and model metrics were computed after reduction to task-block predictions. The primary endpoint was Surgery Task Load Index (SURG-TLX)-aligned low/high workload, defined as Control plus N0 versus N1 plus N2. Four-class and three-level endpoints were retained as secondary views. Raw ECG, recurrence-plot (RP)-derived, hybrid score-level fusion, and conventional heart-rate/time-domain heart-rate-variability Random Forest (HRV-RF) models were compared using a locked evaluation protocol, leakage-aware train-fold-only preprocessing, participant-clustered confidence intervals, and planned paired tests for the primary endpoint. On the primary low/high endpoint, raw ECG achieved the highest macro-F1/balanced accuracy (0.865/0.865), followed by the hybrid branch (0.847/0.847) and HRV-RF (0.648/0.649). Raw ECG and hybrid were supported over RP-derived and HRV-RF under the planned paired tests. On selected secondary endpoints, hybrid achieved higher macro-F1 values than raw ECG, consi
AU - Jin,K
AU - Rubio-Solis,A
AU - Naik,R
AU - Mylonas,G
DO - 10.3390/s26144427
EP - 4427
PY - 2026///
SP - 4427
TI - ECG-Only Cognitive Workload State Classification in Laparoscopic Training Using Raw and Recurrence-Plot Representations
T2 - Sensors
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s26144427
UR - https://doi.org/10.3390/s26144427
VL - 26
ER -
