BibTex format
@article{Gao:2026:10.1038/s41586-026-10482-y,
author = {Gao, D and Lu, S and Zhang, C and Wang, N and Yu, Z and Sun, X and Martin, R and Vanin, F and Qian, L and Long, N and L眉er, L and Li, B and Stolterfoht, M and Hou, J and Yin, J and Lin, Y-H and Lu, H and Li, N and Gasparini, N and Brabec, CJ and Stranks, SD and Zeng, XC and Zhu, Z},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-026-10482-y},
journal = {Nature},
title = {Autonomous closed-loop framework for reproducible perovskite solar cells.},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10482-y},
year = {2026}
}
RIS format (EndNote, RefMan)
TY - JOUR
AB - The commercialization of perovskite solar cells is bottlenecked by inefficient, trial-and-error approaches reliant on human expertise in both material discovery and device fabrication (1-3). Here, we introduce an autonomous closed-loop framework that integrates machine learning (ML)-driven material discovery with an automated manufacturing platform. The system employs active learning and quantum modeling to rapidly identify high-performance molecules, while the platform uses Bayesian optimization and symbolic regression in a feedback loop to continuously refine the fabrication process. This integrated approach enabled the discovery of a passivation molecule, 5-(aminomethyl)nicotinonitrile hydroiodide (5ANI), which yielded 0.05 cm² solar cells with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.22% (certified maximum power point tracking (MPPT) efficiency of 27.18%) and 21.4 cm² mini-modules with a PCE of 23.49%. Moreover, the devices exhibited long-term operational stability, retaining 98.7% of their initial efficiency after 1,200 hours of continuous operation under the ISOS-L-1I protocol. Crucially, the automated platform achieved an efficiency reproducibility nearly 5 times that of manual fabrication. This work establishes an automated closed-loop system that synergizes ML-powered discovery with the high-fidelity data from automated manufacturing, setting a benchmark for autonomous discovery and manufacturing in photovoltaics and materials.
AU - Gao,D
AU - Lu,S
AU - Zhang,C
AU - Wang,N
AU - Yu,Z
AU - Sun,X
AU - Martin,R
AU - Vanin,F
AU - Qian,L
AU - Long,N
AU - L眉er,L
AU - Li,B
AU - Stolterfoht,M
AU - Hou,J
AU - Yin,J
AU - Lin,Y-H
AU - Lu,H
AU - Li,N
AU - Gasparini,N
AU - Brabec,CJ
AU - Stranks,SD
AU - Zeng,XC
AU - Zhu,Z
DO - 10.1038/s41586-026-10482-y
PY - 2026///
TI - Autonomous closed-loop framework for reproducible perovskite solar cells.
T2 - Nature
UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10482-y
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41981326
ER -
