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Journal articleDzafic I, Jabr RA, Huseinagic I, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol: 8, Pages: 609-618, ISSN: 1949-3053
This paper proposes a novel implementation of a multi-phase distribution network state estimator which employs industrial-grade modeling of power components and measurements. Unlike the classical voltage-based and current-based state estimators, this paper presents the implementation details of a constrained weighted least squares state calculation method that includes standard three-phase state estimation capabilities in addition to practical modeling requirements from the industry; these requirements comprise multi-phase line configurations, unsymmetrical and incomplete transformer connections, power measurements on 4-connected loads, cumulative-type power measurements, line-to-line voltage magnitude measurements, and reversible line drop compensators. The enhanced modeling equips the estimator with capabilities that make it superior to a recently presented state-of-the-art distribution network load estimator that is currently used in real-life distribution management systems; comparative performance results demonstrate the advantage of the proposed estimator under practical measurement schemes.
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Conference paperMoreira R, Moreno R, Strbac G, 2016, , IEEE - Energycon 2016, Publisher: IEEE
Energy storage can provide services to several sectors in electricity industry, including generation, transmission and distribution and support a cost-effective transition to a low carbon electricity industry. Sharing storage plant’s energy and power capacity for multiple services portfolios leads to conflicting or synergic interactions among services. In this context, the proposed methodology determines interactions among services for distributed energy storage plants, including energy arbitrage, peak demand shaving and various balancing services, and assesses the impact that such interactions have on storage plant remunerability in a multiple service business model framework for distributed energy storage. We demonstrate that services interact differently depending on markets and system operating conditions. We also find that correlation between energy market and local system conditions is important to determine whether energy arbitrage conflicts with further services.
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Journal articleMokryani G, Majumdar ANKUR, Pal BC, 2016, , IET Renewable Power Generation, Vol: 10, Pages: 944-954, ISSN: 1752-1416
This paper proposes a probabilistic multi-objective optimization method for the operation of three-phase distribution networks incorporating active network management (ANM) schemes including coordinated voltage control and adaptive power factor control. The proposed probabilistic method incorporates detailed modelling of three-phase distribution network components and considers different operational objectives. The method simultaneously minimizes the total energy losses of the lines from the point of view of distribution network operators (DNOs) and maximizes the energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells considering ANM schemes and network constraints. Uncertainties related to intermittent generation of PVs and load demands are modelled by probability density functions (PDFs). Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to use the generated PDFs. The problem is solved using 蓻-constraint approach and fuzzy satisfying method is used to select the best solution from the Pareto optimal set. The effectiveness of the proposed probabilistic method is demonstrated with IEEE 13- and 34- bus test feeders.
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Conference paperTindemans S, Strbac G, 2016,
Nondisruptive decentralized control of thermal loads with second order thermal models
, 2016 IEEE PES General Meeting, Publisher: IEEEDynamic load controllers for thermostatically con- trolled loads should allow for accurate control of power consump- tion and should not disrupt the quality of service. This paper proposes an intuitive definition of nondisruptiveness for systems with second-order thermal models, based on a decomposition into fast and slow temperature modes. It enables the explicit control of the slow mode temperature using an embedded first order model; control of the fast mode is implicit. Temperature bounds are derived, and the slow mode controller is implemented using an accurate decentralised stochastic control strategy. Simulation results confirm its accuracy and nondisruptiveness.
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Journal articlePerez A, Moreno R, Moreira R, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol: 7, Pages: 1718-1729, ISSN: 1949-3029
In an electricity market environment, energy storage plant owners are remunerated for the provision of services to multiple electricity sectors. Some of these services, however, may accelerate battery aging and degradation and hence this needs to be properly balanced against associated services remunerations. In this framework, we propose a combined economic-degradation model to quantify effects of operational policies (mainly focused on constraining State of Charge –SOC– to prescribed levels in order to reduce effects of aging) on gross revenue, multi-service portfolios, degradation and lifespan of distributed energy storage plants that can provide multiple services to energy and balancing market participants and Distribution Network Operators (DNO). Through various case studies based on the Great Britain (GB) system, we demonstrate that although operational policies focused on battery damage reduction will lead to a revenue loss in the shortterm, such loss can be more than compensated by long-term revenues due to a lengthier battery lifespan. We also demonstrate that operational policies to reduce battery degradation mainly affect services related to the energy (rather than balancing) market, which represents a smaller proportion of the overall revenue streams of a distributed storage plant. The model is also used to study effects of ambient temperature fluctuations.
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Journal articleKonstantelos I, Giannelos S, Strbac G, 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol: 32, Pages: 1293-1303, ISSN: 0885-8950
The increasing penetration of renewabledistributed generation (DG) sources in distribution networks canlead to violations of network constraints. Thus, significantnetwork reinforcements may be required to ensure that DGoutput is not constrained. However, the uncertainty around themagnitude, location and timing of future DG capacity rendersplanners unable to take fully-informed decisions and integrateDG at a minimum cost. In this paper we propose a novelstochastic planning model that considers investment inconventional assets as well as smart grid assets such as demandsideresponse, coordinated voltage control and soft open points(SOPs). The model also considers the possibility of active powergeneration curtailment of the DG units. A node-variableformulation has been adopted to relieve the substantialcomputational burden of the resulting mixed integer non-linearprogramming (MINLP) problem. A case study shows that smarttechnologies can possess significant strategic value due to theirinherent flexibility in dealing with different system evolutiontrajectories. This latent benefit remains undetected undertraditional deterministic planning approaches which may hinderthe transition to the smart grid.
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Conference paperZhang C, Jaimoukha IM, Segundo Sevilla, 2016, , 2016 American Control Conference, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 7523-7528, ISSN: 0743-1619
A fault-tolerant switching observer design methodology is proposed. The aim is to maintain a desired level of closed-loop performance under a range of sensor fault scenarios while the fault-free nominal performance is optimized. The range of considered fault scenarios is determined by a minimum number p of assumed working sensors. Thus the smaller p is, the more fault tolerant is the observer. This is then used to define a fault tolerance measure for observer design. Due to the combinatorial nature of the problem, a semidefinite relaxation procedure is proposed to deal with the large number of fault scenarios for systems that have many vulnerable sensors. The procedure results in a significant reduction in the number of constraints needed to solve the problem. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the fault-tolerant observer design.
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Conference paperScarciotti G, Astolfi A, 2016, , 2016 American Control Conference (ACC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 7462-7465
In this short note the relation between the moments of a linear system and the phasors of an electric circuit is discussed. We show that the phasors are a special case of moments and we prove that the components of the solution of a Sylvester equation are the phasors of the currents of the system. We point out several directions in which the phasor theory can be extended using recent generalizations of the moment theory, which can benefit the analysis of circuits and power electronics.
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Conference paperPadoan A, Astolfi A, 2016, , 2016 American Control Conference (ACC), Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1814-1819
The problem of identifying an autonomous nonlinear system, that is, the problem of finding a state-space description of a given sequence generated by sampling the output of an unknown autonomous nonlinear system, is studied. A theoretical framework which combines the use of the Schroder functional equation with realization-theoretic techniques is developed.
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Journal articleBauso D, Mylvaganam T, Astolfi A, 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol: 61, Pages: 1882-1894, ISSN: 0018-9286
We consider a population of dynamic agents, also referred to as players. The state of each player evolves according to a linear stochastic differential equation driven by a Brownian motion and under the influence of a control and an adversarial disturbance. Every player minimizes a cost functional which involves quadratic terms on state and control plus a cross-coupling mean-field term measuring the congestion resulting from the collective behavior, which motivates the term “crowd-averse.” Motivations for this model are analyzed and discussed in three main contexts: a stock market application, a production engineering example, and a dynamic demand management problem in power systems. For the problem in its abstract formulation, we illustrate the paradigm of robust mean-field games. Main contributions involve first the formulation of the problem as a robust mean-field game; second, the development of a new approximate solution approach based on the extension of the state space; third, a relaxation method to minimize the approximation error. Further results are provided for the scalar case, for which we establish performance bounds, and analyze stochastic stability of both the microscopic and the macroscopic dynamics.
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Conference paperChaffey GP, Judge PD, Merlin MMC, et al., 2016, , 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) can providesignificant advantages for power transmission applications, how-ever there are remaining challenges trading off DC fault response,losses and controllability. Alternative multilevel converter topolo-gies using combinations of full bridge and half bridge submodulesor series switches allow for competitive efficiency whilst retainingcontrol over the DC fault current. Several possible fault responsesare analysed to evaluate appropriate converter control actions.Experimental results from a 60 submodule 15 kW demonstratorare presented to validate the DC fault performance of the fullbridge MMC, the mixed stack MMC and the alternate armconverter. It is shown that each can control the current intoa low impedance DC fault, and there no requirement to blockthe semiconductor devices.
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Journal articleZhang C, Lin D, Hui SY, 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 31, Pages: 5215-5227, ISSN: 0885-8993
This paper presents the basic control principles of omnidirectional wireless power transfer (WPT) based on the current amplitude control. The principles involve 1) an “omnidirectional” scanning process for detecting the power requirements in a 3-D space and 2) a “directional” power flow control for focusing the wireless power toward the targeted areas. Such principles apply to any WPT system comprising three orthogonal transmitter coils and multiple receivers with coil resonators. A current amplitude control method capable of generating a magnetic vector at a set of points evenly distributed on a spherical surface is explained. Based on the voltage and the current information in the transmitter circuit, the power involved in each vector over the spherical surface can be obtained. By scanning the vector over the spherical surface, the collective power flow requirements for the targeted loads can be determined. Based on the power requirements for the vectors over the spherical surface, a weighted time-sharing scheme is adopted to focus the wireless power toward the targeted areas. This method has been successfully applied to a hardware prototype. Both theoretical and experimental results are included to confirm these principles.
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Conference paperYang Y, Tindemans S, Strbac G, 2016,
An implicit switching model for distribution network reliability assessment
, 19th Power Systems Computation Conference (PSCC)Modern active distribution networks make use of intelligent switching actions to restore supply to end users after faults. This complicates the reliability analysis of such networks, as the number of possible switching actions grows exponentially with network size. This paper proposes an approximate reliability analysis method where switching actions are modelled implicitly. It can be used graphically as a model reduction method, and simulated using time-sequential or state sampling Monte Carlo methods. The method is illustrated on a simple distribution network, and reliability indices are reported both as averages and distributions. Large speedups result from the use of biased non-sequential Monte Carlo sampling–a method that is hard to combine with explicit switching models.
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Conference paperSun M, Konstantelos I, Tindemans S, et al., 2016,
Evaluating composite approaches to modelling high-dimensional stochastic variables in power systems
, 19th Power Systems Computation ConferenceThe large-scale integration of intermittent energy sources, the introduction of shiftable load elements and the growing interconnection that characterizes electricity systems worldwide have led to a significant increase of operational uncertainty. The construction of suitable statistical models is a fundamental step towards building Monte Carlo analysis frameworks to be used for exploring the uncertainty state-space and supporting real-time decision-making. The main contribution of the present paper is the development of novel composite modelling approaches that employ dimensionality reduction, clustering and parametric modelling techniques with a particular focus on the use of pair copula construction schemes. Large power system datasets are modelled using different combinations of the aforementioned techniques, and detailed comparisons are drawn on the basis of Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, multivariate two-sample energy tests and visual data comparisons. The proposed methods are shown to be superior to alternative high-dimensional modelling approaches.
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Journal articleTeng F, Mu Y, Jia H, et al., 2016, , Energy Procedia, Vol: 88, Pages: 985-990, ISSN: 1876-6102
As the integration of wind generation displaces conventional plants, system inertia provided by rotating mass declines, causing concerns over system frequency stability. This paper implements an advanced stochastic scheduling model with inertia-dependent fast frequency response requirements to investigate the challenges on the primary frequency control in the future Great Britain electricity system. The results suggest that the required volume and the associated cost of primary frequency response increase significantly along with the increased capacity of wind plants. Alternative measures (e.g. electric vehicles) have been proposed to alleviate these concerns. Therefore, this paper also analyses the benefits of primary frequency response support from electric vehicles in reducing system operation cost, wind curtailment and carbon emissions.
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Journal articleChen HT, Tan SC, Lee ATL, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 32, Pages: 3063-3074, ISSN: 0885-8993
© 1986-2012 IEEE. The complex nature and differences of the luminous and thermal characteristics of red, green, and blue (RGB) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) make precise color control of RGB LED systems a great technological challenge. This paper presents a nonlinear model that includes coupling effects among LED devices for predicting color in RGB LED systems. A control method is included to demonstrate that this model can be used for precise color control. The proposed model and control method have been successfully evaluated in practical tests. The measurements agree well with model predictions. They form a new design tool for precise color control of RGB LED systems.
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Journal articleMiller LM, Elliott ADT, Mitcheson PD, et al., 2016, , IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol: 16, Pages: 4803-4815, ISSN: 1530-437X
This paper presents a complete optimization of a piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting system, including a piezoelectric transducer, a power conditioning circuit with full semiconductor device models, a battery and passive components. To the authors awareness, this is the first time and all of these elements have been integrated into one optimization. The optimization is done within a framework, which models the combined mechanical and electrical elements of a complete piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting system. To realize the optimization, an optimal electrical damping is achieved using a single-supply pre-biasing circuit with a buck converter to charge the battery. The model is implemented in MATLAB and verified in SPICE. The results of the full system model are used to find the mechanical and electrical system parameters required to maximize the power output. The model, therefore, yields the upper bound of the output power and the system effectiveness of complete piezoelectric energy harvesting systems and, hence, provides both a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of existing harvesters and a framework to design the optimized harvesters. It is also shown that the increased acceleration does not always result in increased power generation as a larger damping force is required, forcing a geometry change of the harvester to avoid exceeding the piezoelectric breakdown voltage. Similarly, increasing available volume may not result in the increased power generation because of the difficulty of resonating the beam at certain frequencies whilst utilizing the entire volume. A maximum system effectiveness of 48% is shown to be achievable at 100 Hz for a 3.38-cm3 generator.
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Journal articleKunjumuhammed LP, Pal BC, Oates C, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol: 8, Pages: 23-32, ISSN: 1949-3037
Large offshore wind farms are usually composed ofseveral hundred individual wind turbines, each turbine havingits own complex set of dynamics. The analysis of the dynamicinteraction between wind turbine generators (WTG), interconnectingac cables, and voltage source converter (VSC) based HighVoltage DC (HVDC) system is difficult because of the complexityand the scale of the entire system. The detailed modelling andmodal analysis of a representative wind farm system reveal thepresence of several critical resonant modes within the system.Several of these modes have frequencies close to harmonicsof the power system frequency with poor damping. From acomputational perspective the aggregation of the physical modelis necessary in order to reduce the degree of complexity to apractical level. This paper focuses on the present practices ofthe aggregation of the WTGs and the collection system, andtheir influence on the damping and frequency characteristics ofthe critical oscillatory modes. The effect of aggregation on thecritical modes are discussed using modal analysis and dynamicsimulation. The adequacy of aggregation method is discussed.
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Journal articleForni P, Angeli D, 2016, , European Journal of Control, Vol: 30, Pages: 50-60, ISSN: 0947-3580
This paper is an overview of recent developments in the Input-to-State Stability framework, dealing in particular with the extension of the classical concept to systems with multiple invariant sets and possibly evolving on Riemannian manifolds. Lyapunov-based characterizations of the properties are discussed as well as applications to the study of cascaded nonlinear systems.
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Journal articleGuo J, Liang J, Zhang X, et al., 2016, , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, Vol: 32, Pages: 666-677, ISSN: 0885-8977
The half-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (MMC) has emerged as the favored converter topology for voltage-source HVDC applications. The submodules within the converter can be constructed with either individual insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules or with series-connected IGBTs, which allows for different redundancy strategies to be employed. The main contribution of this paper is that an analytical method was proposed to analyze the reliability of MMCs with the consideration of submodule arrangements and redundancy strategies. Based on the analytical method, the relative merits of two approaches to adding redundancy, and variants created by varying the submodule voltage, are assessed in terms of overall converter reliability. Case studies were conducted to compare the reliability characteristics of converters constructed using the two submodule topologies. It is found that reliability of the MMC with series-connected IGBTs is higher for the first few years but then decreases rapidly. By assigning a reduced nominal voltage to the series valve submodule upon IGBT module failure, the need to install redundant submodules is greatly reduced.
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Journal articleAngeli D, Casavola A, Tedesco F, 2016, , Annual Reviews in Control, Vol: 41, Pages: 218-224, ISSN: 1872-9088
Economic Model Predictive Control is a technique for optimization of economic revenues arising from controlled dynamical processes that has established itself as a variant of standard Tracking Model Predictive Control. It departs from the latter in that arbitrary cost functions are allowed in the formulation of the stage cost. This paper takes a further step in expanding the applicability of Economic Model Predictive Control by illustrating how the paradigm can be adapted in order to accommodate time-varying or parameter-varying costs.
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Journal articleBettiol P, Vinter RB, 2016, , Mathematical Programming, Vol: 168, Pages: 201-228, ISSN: 1436-4646
The term ‘distance estimate’ for state constrained control systems refers to an estimate on the distance of an arbitrary state trajectory from the subset of state trajectories that satisfy a given state constraint. Distance estimates have found widespread application in state constrained optimal control. They have been used to establish regularity properties of the value function, to establish the non-degeneracy of first order conditions of optimality, and to validate the characterization of the value function as a unique solution of the HJB equation. The most extensively applied estimates of this nature are so-called linear L∞L∞ distance estimates. The earliest estimates of this nature were derived under hypotheses that required the multifunctions, or controlled differential equations, describing the dynamic constraint, to be locally Lipschitz continuous w.r.t. the time variable. Recently, it has been shown that the Lipschitz continuity hypothesis can be weakened to a one-sided absolute continuity hypothesis. This paper provides new, less restrictive, hypotheses on the time-dependence of the dynamic constraint, under which linear L∞L∞ estimates are valid. Here, one-sided absolute continuity is replaced by the requirement of one-sided bounded variation. This refinement of hypotheses is significant because it makes possible the application of analytical techniques based on distance estimates to important, new classes of discontinuous systems including some hybrid control systems. A number of examples are investigated showing that, for control systems that do not have bounded variation w.r.t. time, the desired estimates are not in general valid, and thereby illustrating the important role of the bounded variation hypothesis in distance estimate analysis.
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Journal articleChen B, Pin G, Ng WM, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol: 32, Pages: 2596-2607, ISSN: 1941-0107
Harmonics detection is a critical element of activepower filters. A previous review has shown that the RecursiveDiscrete Fourier Transform and the Instantaneous p-q Theory areeffective solutions to extracting power harmonics in single-phaseand three-phase power systems, respectively. This paper presentsthe operating principle of a new modulation function integralobserver algorithm that offers a fast solution for the extraction ofthe fundamental current and the total harmonic current whencompared with existing methods. The proposed method can beapplied to both single- and three-phase systems. The observerbasedalgorithm has an advantageous feature of being able to betuned offline for a specific application, having fast convergenceand producing estimated fundamental component with highcircularity. It has been tested with both simulations and practicalmeasurements for extracting the total harmonic current in ahighly efficient manner. The results have confirmed that theproposed tool offers a new and highly effective alternative to thesmart grid industry.
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Conference paperLi S, Lee ATL, Siew-Chong-Tan, et al., 2016, , APEC 2016, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 169-176
In this paper, a plug-and-play ripple mitigation technique is proposed. It requires only the sensing of the DC-link voltage and can operate fully independently to remove the low-frequency voltage ripple. The proposed technique is nonintrusive to the existing hardware and enables hot-swap operation without disrupting the normal functionality of the existing power system. It is user-friendly, modular and suitable for plug-and-play operation. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ripple-mitigation capability of the proposed device. The DC-link voltage ripple in a 110 W miniature hybrid system comprising an AC/DC converter and two resistive loads is shown to be significantly reduced from 61 V to only 3.3 V. Moreover, it is shown that with the proposed device, the system reliability has been improved by alleviating the components' thermal stresses.
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Conference paperYang Y, Tan SC, Hui SY, 2016, , APEC 2016, Publisher: IEEE, Pages: 1169-1175
An adaptive reference model predictive control (ARMPC) approach is proposed as an alternative means of controlling power converters in response to the issue of steady-state residual errors presented in power converters under the conventional model predictive control (MPC). Differing from other methods of eliminating steady-state errors of MPC based control, such as MPC with integrator, the proposed ARMPC is designed to track the so-called virtual references instead of the actual references. Subsequently, additional tuning is not required for different operating conditions. In this paper, ARMPC is applied to a single-phase full-bridge voltage source inverter (VSI). It is experimentally validated that ARMPC exhibits strength in substantially eliminating the residual errors in environment of model mismatch, load change, and input voltage change, which would otherwise be present under MPC control. Moreover, it is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed ARMPC shows a consistent erasion of steady-state errors, while the MPC with integrator performs inconsistently for different cases of model mismatch after a fixed tuning of the weighting factor.
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Conference paperAldhaher S, Mitcheson PD, Yates DC, 2016, , 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), Publisher: IEEE
This paper will present the modelling, analysis and design of a load-independent Class EF inverter. This inverter is able to maintain zero-voltage switching (ZVS) operation and produce a constant output current for any load value without the need for tuning or replacement of components. The load-independent feature of this inverter is beneficial when used as the primary coil driver in multi megahertz high power inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) applications where the distance between the coils and the load are variable. The work here begins with the traditional load-dependent Class EF topology for inversion and then specifies the criteria that are required to be met in order achieve load-independence. The design and development of a 240W load-independent Class EF inverter to drive the primary coil of a 6.78MHz WPT system will be discussed and experimental results will be presented to show the load-independence feature when the distance between the coils of the WPT system changes.
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Journal articleScarciotti G, 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol: 32, Pages: 743-752, ISSN: 1558-0679
A data-driven algorithm recently proposed to solvethe problem of model reduction by moment matching is extendedto multi-input, multi-output systems. The algorithm isexploited for the model reduction of large-scale interconnectedpower systems and it offers, simultaneously, a low computationalcomplexity approximation of the moments and the possibilityto easily enforce constraints on the reduced order model. Thisadvantage is used to preserve selected slow and poorly dampedmodes. The preservation of these modes has been shown to beimportant from a physical point of view and in obtaining anoverall good approximation. The problem of the choice of the socalledtangential directions is also analyzed. The algorithm andthe resulting reduced order model are validated with the studyof the dynamic response of the NETS-NYPS benchmark system(68-Bus, 16-Machine, 5-Area) to multiple fault scenarios.
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Journal articleMoreira R, Moreno R, Strbac G, 2016, , IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Vol: 10, Pages: 1758-1767, ISSN: 1751-8687
Energy storage can provide services to several sectors in electricity industry, including generation, transmission and distribution, where conflicts and synergies may arise when storage is used to manage network congestion and provide services in energy and balancing markets. In this context, this study proposes an optimisation model to coordinate multiple services delivered to various market participants that uses corrective actions to resolve conflicts between provision of distribution network services (e.g. congestion and security of supply) and other services. The model maximises storage profit by scheduling active and reactive power to provide portfolio of services including distribution network congestion management, energy price arbitrage, frequency response and reserve services remunerated at different prices. The authors demonstrate that adopting corrective security to provide network services and deal with network congestion in a post-fault fashion, is overall more beneficial despite the energy needed to be stored during pre-fault conditions for applying post-contingency actions right after a network fault occurs. Furthermore, the authors' analysis shows that application of corrective security can benefit both (i) storage owners through increased revenues in energy and balancing services markets and (ii) Distribution Network Operators through reduction in payments to storage owners and increased utilisation of network infrastructure.
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Journal articleBeddard A, sheridan CE, Barnes M, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol: 31, Pages: 2260-2269, ISSN: 0885-8977
Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) have become the converter topology of choice for voltage-source converter-high-voltage direct-current systems. Excellent work has previously been conducted to develop much needed average value models (AVM) for these complex converters; however, there a number of limitations as highlighted in this paper. This paper builds on the existing models, proposing numerous modifications and resulting in an enhanced MMC-AVM, which is significantly more accurate and which can be used for a wider range of studies, including DC faults.
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Journal articleCanizares C, Farnandes T, Gerladi E, et al., 2016, , IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol: 32, Pages: 715-722, ISSN: 1558-0679
This paper summarizes a set of six benchmark systemsfor the analysis and control of electromechanical oscillationsin power systems recommended by the IEEE Task Force onBenchmark Systems for Stability Controls of the Power SystemDynamic Performance Committee. The benchmark systems werechosen for their tutorial value and particular characteristicsleading to control system design problems relevant to the researchcommunity. For each benchmark, the modelling guidelinesare provided, along with eigenvalues and time-domain resultsproduced with at least two simulation software, and onepossible control approach is provided for each system as well.Researchers and practicing engineers are encouraged to use thesebenchmark systems when assessing new oscillation dampingcontrol strategies.
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